大型网站构架和某些framework的含义

今天看到博客http://yuquan-nana.iteye.com/blog/551835介绍了大型网站的构架,颇让我大开眼界..

对于其中的framework还未知其来历,特在此记录,以备自己学习:

?

lighttpd: Fast Web-Server

??? lighttpd is a secure, fast, compliant, and very flexible web-server that has been optimized for high-performance environments. It has a very low memory footprint compared to other webservers and takes care of cpu-load. Its advanced feature-set (FastCGI, CGI, Auth, Output-Compression, URL-Rewriting and many more) make lighttpd the perfect webserver-software for every server that suffers load problems.

?

I have been running Lighttpd (pronounced “lighty”) on my home servers and development boxes since the beginning of 2006. It is a great replacement for Apache if you have the whole box to yourself, i.e. you don’t need to worry about supporting .htaccess files that your users might use. Currently this website is hosted on lighttpd-1.4.13 on a Gentoo VPS.

?

http://www.lighttpd.net/

?

squid:Optimising Web Delivery

??? Squid is a caching proxy for the Web supporting HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more. It reduces bandwidth and improves response times by caching and reusing frequently-requested web pages. Squid has extensive access controls and makes a great server accelerator. It runs on most available operating systems, including Windows and is licensed under the GNU GPL.

?

memcached:Free & open source, high-performance, distributed memory object caching system

??? generic in nature, but intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load.

??? Memcached is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database calls, API calls, or page rendering.

??? Memcached is simple yet powerful. Its simple design promotes quick deployment, ease of development, and solves many problems facing large data caches. Its API is available for most popular languages.

?

map/reduce:

?? Hadoop MapReduce is a programming model and software framework for writing applications that rapidly process vast amounts of data in parallel on large clusters of compute nodes.

?

OSGI:

??? OSGi technology is Universal Middleware. OSGi technology provides a service-oriented, component-based environment for developers and offers standardized ways to manage the software lifecycle. These capabilities greatly increase the value of a wide range of computers and devices that use the Java platform.

?

Reverse proxy:

?

Sendfile:

?A program with a graphical interface for sending files over TCP/IP.

?

Prefork:

This Multi-Processing Module (MPM) implements a non-threaded, pre-forking web server that handles requests in a manner similar to Apache 1.3. It is appropriate for sites that need to avoid threading for compatibility with non-thread-safe libraries. It is also the best MPM for isolating each request, so that a problem with a single request will not affect any other.

This MPM is very self-regulating, so it is rarely necessary to adjust its configuration directives. Most important is that MaxClients be big enough to handle as many simultaneous requests as you expect to receive, but small enough to assure that there is enough physical RAM for all processes.

?

A single control process is responsible for launching child processes which listen for connections and serve them when they arrive. Apache always tries to maintain several spare or idle server processes, which stand ready to serve incoming requests. In this way, clients do not need to wait for a new child processes to be forked before their requests can be served.

?

nginx:

?

http://nginx.net/

?nginx [engine x] is a HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as a mail proxy server written by Igor Sysoev. It has been running for more than five years on many heavily loaded Russian sites.

Apache is the most popular Web server and one of the most successful open-source projects of all time. Since April 1996, Apache has served more Web sites than any other Web server. Many of the world's largest Web sites, including YouTube, Facebook, Wikipedia and Craigslist, use Apache to serve billions of page views per month. Over the years, Apache has proven itself to be a very stable, secure and configurable Web server. Although Apache is an excellent Web server, what if there were an alternative with the same functionality, a simpler configuration and better performance? That Web server exists, and it's called Nginx.

Nginx, pronounced “Engine X”, is a high-performance Web server and reverse proxy. It was created by Igor Sysoev for www.rambler.ru, Russia's second-largest Web site. Rambler has used Nginx since summer 2004, and it's currently serving about 500 million requests per day. Like Apache, Nginx is used by some of the largest Web sites in the US, including WordPress (#26), YouPorn (#27), Hulu and MochiMedia. As of May 2008, Nginx is the fourth-most-popular Web server, and it is currently serving more than two million Web sites. As it is only trailing behind Apache, IIS and GFE, it is effectively the second-most-popular Web server available for Linux.

?

?

22.11.2009

I was born in 1970 and grew up in Alma-Ata, USSR (now Almaty, Kazakhstan). I graduated from Bauman Moscow State Technical University in 1994. I have continued to live in Moscow since graduation and currently work at Rambler Media as senior system administrator.

I'm the author of nginx (pronounced "engine x"), a high performance HTTP and reverse proxy server, as well as a mail proxy server. The English documentation is available at nginx.net and wiki.nginx.org.

My email address is igor at sysoev dot ru.