select a.id, a.copmanyid, '失败' as status, a.createtime
  from yourtable a
 where not exists (select 1 from yourtable 
                    where copmanyid = a.copmanyid and id != a.id) --只存在一条记录
    or (a.createtime = (select max(createtime) from yourtable 
                         where copmanyid = a.copmanyid) --最近一条记录
        and not exists (select 1 from yourtable
                         where copmanyid = a.copmanyid
                           and status = '成功') --不存在成功记录
       )

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code

select t.id,t.companyid, '失败' as status,t.createtime from yourtable t
    where not exists (select 1 from yourtable t1 where t1.companyid = t.companyid and t1.id!=t.id)

union all

select t.id,t.companyid, '失败' as status,t.createtime from yourtable t
    where t.createtime = (select max(createtime) from yourtable t1 where t1.companyid=t.companyid)
    and not exists (select 1 from yourtable t2 where t2.companyid=t.companyid and status='成功')

------解决方案--------------------
select a.id, a.copmanyid, '失败' as status, a.createtime
 from yourtable a
  where not exists (select 1 from yourtable  
                   where copmanyid = a.copmanyid and id != a.id) --只存在一条记录
   or (a.createtime = (select max(createtime) from yourtable  
                        where copmanyid = a.copmanyid) --最近一条记录
       and not exists (select 1 from yourtable
                        where copmanyid = a.copmanyid
                          and status = '成功') --不存在成功记录
      )

那位大神能给解释一下语句中的：select a.id, a.copmanyid, '失败' as status, a.createtime
 from yourtable a。'失败' as status,红色的字段是什么意思？目的是什么？

------解决方案--------------------
'失败' as status  就是把两个汉字直接当作字段值进行返回，仅此而已。

比如：

select 'Hello' as xx, 'World' as oo from dual;

查询出来的结果就是两个字段，字段1是xx，字段2是oo