;with T as 
(
 select row_number() over( PARTITION BY  [货号] order by [收货时间] desc ) as Row, * from [table]
)
select * from t where Row = 1

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code

--> 测试数据：[test]
if object_id('[test]') is not null drop table [test]
create table [test]([货号] int,[收货时间] datetime,[收货数量] int)
insert [test]
select 1123,'2012-06-10',10 union all
select 1124,'2012-06-11',13 union all
select 1123,'2012-06-15',22 union all
select 1125,'2012-06-19',9 union all
select 1122,'2012-06-01',14 union all
select 1123,'2012-06-19',20

--看错了，改好了

select distinct * from test a
where a.收货时间=(select MAX(b.收货时间) from test b where a.货号=b.货号)

/*
货号    收货时间    收货数量
---------------------------------------------
1122    2012-06-01 00:00:00.000    14
1123    2012-06-19 00:00:00.000    20
1124    2012-06-11 00:00:00.000    13
1125    2012-06-19 00:00:00.000    9
*/

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code
select [货号],MAX([收货时间]) 收货时间,[收货数量] from tb group by [货号],[收货数量]

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code

if object_id('[test]') is not null drop table [test]
create table [test]([货号] int,[收货时间] datetime,[收货数量] int)
insert [test]
select 1123,'2012-06-10',10 union all
select 1124,'2012-06-11',13 union all
select 1123,'2012-06-15',22 union all
select 1124,'2012-06-15',30 union all
select 1125,'2012-06-19',9 union all
select 1122,'2012-06-01',14 union all
select 1125,'2012-06-20',19 union all
select 1123,'2012-06-19',20

;with T as 
(
 select row_number() over( PARTITION BY  [货号] order by [收货时间] desc ) as Row, * from [test]
)
select * from t where Row = 1

(8 行受影响)
Row                  货号          收货时间                    收货数量
-------------------- ----------- ----------------------- -----------
1                    1122        2012-06-01 00:00:00.000 14
1                    1123        2012-06-19 00:00:00.000 20
1                    1124        2012-06-15 00:00:00.000 30
1                    1125        2012-06-20 00:00:00.000 19

(4 行受影响)

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code

CREATE TABLE t1
(
    huohao INT,
    shijian DATETIME,
    shuliang INT
)
INSERT INTO t1
SELECT 1123, '2012-06-10', 10 UNION ALL
SELECT 1124, '2012-06-11', 13 UNION ALL
SELECT 1123, '2012-06-15', 22 UNION ALL
SELECT 1125, '2012-06-19', 9 UNION ALL
SELECT 1122, '2012-06-01', 14 UNION ALL
SELECT 1123, '2012-06-19', 20
SELECT * FROM t1

SELECT * FROM t1 AS a WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t1 WHERE huohao=a.huohao AND shijian>a.shijian)
ORDER BY huohao

---------------------------
huohao    shijian                    shuliang
1122    2012-06-01 00:00:00.000    14
1123    2012-06-19 00:00:00.000    20
1124    2012-06-11 00:00:00.000    13
1125    2012-06-19 00:00:00.000    9