select
(select E from Y where D=a.A) as A,
(select E from Y where D=a.B) as B,
(select E from Y where D=a.C) as D
from X as a

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code
create table #A(A VARCHAR(10),B VARCHAR(10),C VARCHAR(10))

create table #B(D VARCHAR(10),E VARCHAR(10))

INSERT #A
SELECT '1','3','5'
UNION ALL 
SELECT '2','4','6'

INSERT #B
SELECT 1,'语文'
union all
select 2,'数学'
union all
select 3,'英语'
union all
select 4,'化学'
union all
select 5,'物理'
union all
select 6,'生物'

select  b.E A,c.E B,d.E C
from #A a  left join #B b on a.A=b.D
left join  #B c  on a.B=c.D
left join #B  d  on a.C=d.D

------解决方案--------------------
SQL code

go
create table X(
A int,
B int,
C int
)
go
insert X
select 1, 3 ,5  union all
select 2, 4 ,6 
go
create table Y(
D int,
E varchar(10)
)
go
insert  Y
select 1 ,'语文'  union all
select 2 ,'数学'  union all
select 3 ,'英文'  union all
select 4 ,'化学'  union all
select 5 ,'物理'  union all
select 6 ,'生物' 

select b.E A,c.E B,d.E C from X a
left join Y b on a.A=b.D
left join Y c on a.B=c.D
left join Y d on a.C=d.D
/*
A    B    C
语文    英文    物理
数学    化学    生物
*/