CREATE PROCEDURE P_Search_ShitfList
@S_BeginTime datetime ,--开始时间  是由查询的医生提供
@S_EndTime datetime ,--结束时间
@DeptID NVarChar --部门编号

AS

declare @ShiftCount int
declare @ShiftID int
declare cursor iTouch for select * from shift where deptID= @DeptID


select @ShiftCount=count(*)  from shift 
where deptID= @DeptID 


while @ShiftCount<>0 begin
--我想在这个地方遍历，取出ShiftID字段
--exec P_Search_Shitf '2012-02-01','2012-02-28','3','8'

set @ShiftCount=@ShiftCount-1
end

GO

USE AdventureWorks2008R2;
GO
-- Declare the variables to store the values returned by FETCH.
DECLARE @LastName varchar(50), @FirstName varchar(50);

DECLARE contact_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT LastName, FirstName FROM Person.Person
WHERE LastName LIKE 'B%'
ORDER BY LastName, FirstName;

OPEN contact_cursor;

-- Perform the first fetch and store the values in variables.
-- Note: The variables are in the same order as the columns
-- in the SELECT statement.

FETCH NEXT FROM contact_cursor
INTO @LastName, @FirstName;

-- Check @@FETCH_STATUS to see if there are any more rows to fetch.
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN

-- Concatenate and display the current values in the variables.
PRINT 'Contact Name: ' + @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName

-- This is executed as long as the previous fetch succeeds.
FETCH NEXT FROM contact_cursor
INTO @LastName, @FirstName;
END

CLOSE contact_cursor;
DEALLOCATE contact_cursor;
GO

------解决方案--------------------
去掉
select @ShiftCount=count(*)  from shift  
where deptID= @DeptID  
判断游标状态用@@fetch_status
WHILE @@fetch_status = 0  
 begin
 end

具体看下游标的用法吧
很基本的

------解决方案--------------------
go
if OBJECT_ID('shift')is not null
drop table shift
go
create table shift(
ID int,
deptid int,
riqi datetime
)
go
insert shift
select 1,1,'2011-12-31' union all
select 2,2,'2011-6-25' union all
select 3,1,'2011-9-30' union all
select 4,1,'2011-05-12' union all
select 5,2,'2011-12-24' union all
select 6,3,'2011-12-11'
select id from shift where deptid=1 and riqi between '2011-6-01'and'2011-10-31'

go
if OBJECT_ID('P_Search_ShitfList') is not null
drop proc P_Search_ShitfList
go
create proc P_Search_ShitfList
@S_BeginTime datetime ,--开始时间  是由查询的医生提供
@S_EndTime datetime ,--结束时间
@DeptID NVarChar --部门编号
as
declare Shitf_Cur cursor 
for select id from shift  
where deptID=@DeptID  
and riqi between @S_BeginTime and @S_EndTime
declare @ShiftID int
open Shitf_Cur
fetch next from Shitf_Cur into @ShiftID
while @@fetch_status=0
begin
 print ltrim(@ShiftID)
 fetch next from Shitf_Cur into @ShiftID
end
close Shitf_Cur
deallocate Shitf_Cur

exec P_Search_ShitfList '2011-6-01','2011-10-31',1



楼主把游标名看仔细了，你的存储过程中游标名不一致，我已经改过来了
你看看我这个，没问题了