SELECT 
    表名       = case when a.colorder=1 then d.name else '' end,
    表说明     = case when a.colorder=1 then isnull(f.value,'') else '' end,
    字段序号   = a.colorder,
    字段名     = a.name,
    标识       = case when COLUMNPROPERTY( a.id,a.name,'IsIdentity')=1 then '√'else '' end,
    主键       = case when exists(SELECT 1 FROM sysobjects where xtype='PK' and parent_obj=a.id and name in (
                     SELECT name FROM sysindexes WHERE indid in(
                        SELECT indid FROM sysindexkeys WHERE id = a.id AND colid=a.colid))) then '√' else '' end,
    类型       = b.name,
    占用字节数 = a.length,
    长度       = COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'PRECISION'),
    小数位数   = isnull(COLUMNPROPERTY(a.id,a.name,'Scale'),0),
    允许空     = case when a.isnullable=1 then '√'else '' end,
    默认值     = isnull(e.text,''),
    字段说明   = isnull(g.[value],'')
FROM 
    syscolumns a
left join 
    systypes b 
on 
    a.xusertype=b.xusertype
inner join 
    sysobjects d 
on 
    a.id=d.id  and d.xtype='U' and  d.name<>'dtproperties'
left join 
    syscomments e 
on 
    a.cdefault=e.id
left join 
    sysproperties g 
on 
    a.id=g.id and a.colid=g.smallid  
left join 
    sysproperties f 
on 
    d.id=f.id and f.smallid=0
where 
    d.name='要查询的表'    --如果只查询指定表,加上此条件
order by 
    a.id,a.colorder

------解决方案--------------------
上午有人问过

用函数fn_listextendedproperty

如：

SQL code
SELECT 
    CAST(value AS nvarchar(200)) as tableDescription
    FROM fn_listextendedproperty ('MS_Description', 'user', 'dbo', 'table', 'TableName', default, default);

SELECT 
       objname
    ,CAST(value AS nvarchar(200)) as fieldDescription
    FROM fn_listextendedproperty ('MS_Description', 'user', 'dbo', 'table', @TableName , 'column', default) AS E

------解决方案--------------------

SQL code
查询一个表的所有外键
SELECT 主键列ID=b.rkey 
    ,主键列名=(SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE colid=b.rkey AND id=b.rkeyid) 
    ,外键表ID=b.fkeyid 
    ,外键表名称=object_name(b.fkeyid) 
    ,外键列ID=b.fkey 
    ,外键列名=(SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE colid=b.fkey AND id=b.fkeyid) 
    ,级联更新=ObjectProperty(a.id,'CnstIsUpdateCascade') 
    ,级联删除=ObjectProperty(a.id,'CnstIsDeleteCascade') 
FROM sysobjects a 
    join sysforeignkeys b on a.id=b.constid 
    join sysobjects c on a.parent_obj=c.id 
where a.xtype='f' AND c.xtype='U' 
    and object_name(b.rkeyid)='titles'

SELECT *
FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE TABLE_CATALOG='数据库名' 
    AND TABLE_NAME = '表名'
    AND COLUMN_NAME='列名'

select *
from syscolumns
where id=object_id('tableName') and name='fieldName'