约束+典型的查询+几种常见的联结
1.约束alter table student
add constraint pk_stu_stuId primary key(stuId)
alter table student
add constraint ck_stu_stuAge check(stuAge>0)
alter table student
add constraint uq_stu_stuName unique(stuName)
alter table student
add constraint fk_stu_stuCid foreign key(stuCid) references class(cid)
2查询简述除了cross join 不可以加on外,其他的join连接必须加上on关键字。
(1)--内连接:join,inner join
--内连接:只返回两表连接列的匹配项
--以下三种查询结果一样。
select * from student s inner join class c on s.classid=c.id;
select * from student s join class c on s.classid=c.id;
select * from student s ,class c where s.classid=c.id;
(2)笛卡尔乘积:cross join
笛卡尔乘积的连接:不加任何条件时,得到M*N的结果集(注:如果在cross join 后面加where条件,就会与inner join on的结果一样了)
--以下两种查询结果一样
select * from student s cross join class c;
select * from student ,class;
(3)左外连接:left join
左外连接:列出左边的表的全部,以及右边表符合条件的,不符合条件的以空值代替。
注:下面两个结果一样。哪个带加号,即哪个需要条件符合,下面的是左连接。
select * from student s left join class c on s.classid=c.id;
select * from student s,class c where s.classid=c.id(+);
(4)右外连接
(5)全外连接:full join(完全外连接) (在右边表最多只有一个符合条件时,记录数为:max in (M ,N)条记录到M+N条记录之间)
产生M+N的结果集并列出两表的全部的,不符合条件的,以空值代替
select * from student s full join class c on s.classid=c.id
.
3.查询(19个经典查询)select * from (
select emp.*,rownum as rn from emp where rownum<=10 order by sal desc
)b where b.rn>=5
--2. 查询各部门工资最高的员工信息
select * from emp;
select * from dept;
select * from emp where (deptno,sal) in (
select deptno, max(sal) from emp group by deptno
)
--3查询每个部门工资最高的前2 名员工
--此题十分经典 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
select * from emp a where (select count(*) from emp where sal>a.sal and deptno=a.deptno ) <2
order by a.deptno
--4. 查询出有3 个以上下属的员工信息
select * from emp where empno in(
select b.empno from emp a inner join emp b on a.mgr=b.empno group by b.empno having count(*)>=3
)
--5. 查询所有大于本部门平均工资的员工信息()
select * from emp a where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp where deptno=a.deptno)
--6. 查询平均工资最高的部门信息
select * from dept where deptno in(
select deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>=all (
select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno
)
)
--7. 查询大于各部门总工资的平均值的部门信息
select * from dept where deptno in (
select deptno from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>(select avg(sal) from emp )
)
--8. 查询大于各部门总工资的平均值的部门下的员工信息
select * from emp where sal >( select avg(sal) from emp)
--9、查询出工资成本最高的部门的部门号和部门名称
select deptno,dname from dept where deptno in (
select deptno from emp group by deptno having sum(sal)>=all(
select sum(sal) from emp group by deptno
)
)
--10、查询出工资不超过2500的人数最多的部门名称
SELECT dname FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IN (
select deptno from emp where sal<=2500 group by deptno HAVING COUNT(*)>=ALL (
select count(*) from emp where sal<=2500 group by deptno
)
)
--11、查询出没有下属员工的人的名字和他的职位
select ename,job from emp where empno not in (
&