日期:2014-05-16  浏览次数:20516 次

ORACLE学习笔记系列(8)ORACLE中的空值(NULL)和与空值(NULL)有关的函数
 ORACLE学习笔记系列(8)ORACLE中的空值(NULL)和与空值(NULL)有关的函数

 ORACLE中在我们不知道具体有什么数据的时候,也即未知,可以用NULL,称之为空。
 ORACLE中,含有空值的表列长度为零。

 ORACLE允许任何一种数据类型的字段为空,除了以下两种情况:
    a、主键字段(primary key)
    b、定义时已经加了NOT NULL限制条件的字段

与空值(NULL)有关的情况:
1、NULL等价于没有任何值、是未知数。
2、ORACLE中NULL与0,空字符串,空格,包括NULL与NULL也是不等的。
3、对NULL值做加、减、乘、除等运算操作,结果仍为NULL。
4、NULL的处理使用 NVL(EXPR1,EXPR2)函数。
5、比较时使用关键字用“IS NULL”和“IS NOT NULL”。
6、空值不能被索引,当指定列来统计数据行数时,NULL值行将被忽略不统计,COUNT(COLUMN1)中不包括COLUMN1为NULL的行。
7、求和SUM(COLUMN1)函数,将忽略COLUMN1为NULL的行,但影响统计结果。
8、排序时比其他数据都大(索引默认是降序排列,小→大),所以NULL值总是排在最后。可以使用“NULLS FIRST”和“NULLS LAST”改变NUUL值的排序。
9、“IN”、“NOT IN”和 子查询中出现空值。
10、使用LIKE模糊查询时,NULL不能被%匹配到。
11、ORACLE中与空值(NULL)有关的函数。


--1
SELECT NULL, '', '  ', 0 FROM DUAL;

--2
SELECT 'NULL=NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NULL = NULL;
SELECT 'NULL=''''' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NULL = '';
SELECT 'NULL=0' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NULL = 0;
SELECT '''''=''''' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE '' = '';
SELECT 'a!=null' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' != NULL;
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' = 'a';
 
--3
SELECT 1 + NULL, 1 - NULL, 1 * NULL, 1 / NULL FROM DUAL;
SELECT '1 + NULL IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 1 + NULL IS NULL;
SELECT '1 - NULL IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 1 - NULL IS NULL;
SELECT '1 * NULL IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 1 * NULL IS NULL;
SELECT '1 / NULL IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 1 / NULL IS NULL;
  
--4
SELECT NVL(NULL, 1), NVL(NULL, 'a'), NVL(NULL, SYSDATE), NVL('a', 1) FROM DUAL;

--5
SELECT 'NULL IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NULL IS NULL;
SELECT ''''' IS NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE '' IS NULL;
SELECT 'NVL IS NOT NULL' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NVL(NULL, 0) IS NOT NULL;

--6
SELECT COUNT(*), COUNT(1), COUNT(NULL), COUNT(NVL(NULL, 0)) FROM DUAL;
 
--7
SELECT COUNT(*), SUM(1), SUM(LEVEL), SUM(NVL(NULL, 0)) FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL <= 4;

--8
SELECT * FROM B ORDER BY NAME NULLS FIRST;
SELECT * FROM B ORDER BY NAME NULLS LAST;

--9
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' = (NULL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' IN (NULL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' IN ('a', NULL);

SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'b' = (NULL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'b' NOT IN (NULL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'b' NOT IN ('a', NULL);

SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' = (SELECT NULL FROM DUAL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' IN (SELECT NULL FROM DUAL);
SELECT 'a=a' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE 'a' NOT IN (SELECT NULL FROM DUAL);

--10 
SELECT 'NULL LIKE %' AS T, COUNT(*) AS C FROM DUAL WHERE NULL LIKE '%';
 

--11 ORACLE中与空值(NULL)有关的函数

(1)NVL
格式:NVL(EXPR1,EXPR2) 
等价于: (CASE WHEN EXPR1 IS NULL THEN EXPR2 ELSE EXPR1 END)
说明:NVL(EXPR1,EXPR2) EXPR1为NULL时,取EXPR2的值,否则取EXPR1的值;
使用限制:可以用于SELECT子句和WHERE子句中;
          EXPR1,EXPR2 数据类型可以不相同;

(2)NVL2 
格式:NVL2(EXPR1,EXPR2,EXPR3) 
等价于: (CASE WHEN EXPR1 IS NULL THEN EXPR3 ELSE EXPR2 END) 
说明:NVL2(EXPR1,EXPR2,EXPR3) EXPR1为null时,取EXPR3的值,否则取EXPR1的值;        
使用限制:expr1可以是任意类型,expr2,expr3不能是long类型。
          如果 expr2是字符类型,那么expr3转为字符型再比较(null除外)。
          如果 expr2是数值类型,那么expr3也转为对应的数值类型。
          各个参数都不能是逻辑表达式。

(3)NULLIF 
格式: NULLIF(EXPR1,EXPR2) 
等价于:(CASE WHEN EXPR1=EXPR2 THEN NULL ELSE EXPR1 END) 
说明:NULLIF(EXPR1,EXPR2) 如果EXPR1和EXPR2相等,返回 NULL,否则返回EXPR1;如果EXPR1和EXPR2有一个为NULL时,返回NULL;
使用限制:expr1不能是标识符null,录入nullif(null,expr2)那么会提示错误。
          expr1,expr2 都必须是一个变量或者是一个常量表达式,不能是逻辑表达式。
       
(4)LNNVL
格式: LNNVL(EXPR1)  EXPR1是一个表达式
等价于:假设a number(10);lnnvl(a>10) 等价于 nvl(a,0)<=10;等价于  a<=10 or a is null;
说明:如果EXPR1的结果是false或者是unknown,那么lnnvl返回true;如果EXPR1的结果是true,返回false;
使用限制:表达式的操作符号不能包含 AND, O