update a
set swh = '2008'+ right('00000'+ltrim((select count(1) from tablename where nh = '2008'id <= a.id)),5)
from talbename a
where nh = '2008'

------解决方案--------------------

SQL code
CREATE TABLE TB(ID INT, nh INT, swh VARCHAR(20))
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(582 , 2007, '200700001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(583 , 2007, '200700002') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7710, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7768, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7769, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7842, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7845, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7889, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7912, 2008, '200800001') 
INSERT INTO TB VALUES(7963, 2008, '200800001')
GO
--查询
SELECT * FROM TB WHERE NH <> 2008
UNION ALL
SELECT ID , NH , SWH = '2008' + RIGHT('00000' + CAST(M.SWH AS VARCHAR),5) FROM
(
  SELECT ID , NH , SWH = (SELECT COUNT(1) FROM TB WHERE NH = 2008 AND ID < T.ID) + 1 FROM TB T WHERE NH = 2008
) M
/*
ID          nh          swh
----------- ----------- --------------------
582         2007        200700001
583         2007        200700002
7710        2008        200800001
7768        2008        200800002
7769        2008        200800003
7842        2008        200800004
7845        2008        200800005
7889        2008        200800006
7912        2008        200800007
7963        2008        200800008
*/

--更改
update tb 
set swh = t2.swh
from tb t1 , (SELECT ID , NH , SWH = '2008' + RIGHT('00000' + CAST(M.SWH AS VARCHAR),5) FROM
(
  SELECT ID , NH , SWH = (SELECT COUNT(1) FROM TB WHERE NH = 2008 AND ID < T.ID) + 1 FROM TB T WHERE NH = 2008
) M) t2
where t1.id = t2.id
select * from tb
/*
ID          nh          swh
----------- ----------- --------------------
582         2007        200700001
583         2007        200700002
7710        2008        200800001
7768        2008        200800002
7769        2008        200800003
7842        2008        200800004
7845        2008        200800005
7889        2008        200800006
7912        2008        200800007
7963        2008        200800008
*/

DROP TABLE TB