IF EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM SYSOBJECTS WHERE name = 'tba')
BEGIN
    DROP TABLE tba
END
GO
CREATE TABLE Tba
(
    Memo VARCHAR(100)
)
GO
INSERT INTO Tba
SELECT '大家好，我叫小敏，我的电话号码是13317760462' UNION
SELECT '各位同学你们好，我是高3（1）班的小黄，我的电话是15877264838，希望大家多多照顾'
GO

SELECT SUBSTRING(Memo,PATINDEX('%[1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890][1234567890]%',Memo),11) AS MobilePhone
FROM Tba

MobilePhone
13317760462
15877264838