Declare @Employ Table(
    ID         Varchar(20) Primary Key,
    Name        Varchar(20),
    Department    Varchar(20)    
)

Declare @Train Table(
    ID         Varchar(20) Primary Key,
    person_id    Varchar(20),
    train    Varchar(20),    
    time    DateTime
)

Insert Into @Employ
Select '001', '小王', '部门A'
Union Select '002', '小张', '部门B'
Union Select '003', '小明', '部门C'

Insert Into @Train
Select '001', '001', '培训A', '2007.02.23'
Union Select '002', '001', '培训B', '2009.04.21'
Union Select '003', '002', '培训A', '2010.04.02'
Union Select '004', '002', '培训C', '2011.01.06'

Select * From @Employ
Where ID Not In (Select person_id From @Train 
Where Year(time) In ('2009','2010','2011') And Train = '培训A')

------解决方案--------------------

declare @ret varchar(500)

select @ret =isnull( @ret+',','')+name from ta a where not exists(select 1 from tb b where year(time) in( 2011,2010,2009) and b.person_id = a.id and b.train = '培训A')
   
select @ret

------解决方案--------------------

Select [员工表].id ,[员工表].name ,[员工表].department ,[培训表].train ,[培训表].time 
From [员工表] left join [培训表] on [员工表].id = [培训表].person_id
Where [员工表].ID Not In (Select person_id From [培训表]  
Where Year(time) In ('2009','2010','2011') And Train = '培训A')

结果：
001	小王	部门A	培训A	2007-02-23 00:00:00.000
001	小王	部门A	培训B	2009-04-21 00:00:00.000
003	小明	部门C	NULL	NULL