--> --> (Roy)生成測試數據
 
if not object_id('Tempdb..#marks') is null
    drop table #marks
Go
Create table #marks([bj] int,[xm] nvarchar(1),[zf] int)
Insert #marks
select 1,N'a',602 union all
select 2,N'b',580 union all
select 3,N'c',588 union all
select 1,N'd',700 union all
select 2,N'e',312 union all
select 3,N'f',555 union all
select 1,N'g',400
Go
declare @zgf int,@zdf int
select @zgf=600,@zdf=550
;with b
as
(select @zgf as grade1,grade2=800
union all
select grade1-10,grade1 from b where grade1>550)
,c as
(select 0 as bj union all select distinct bj from  #marks)
,d as 
(select * from (Select * from b union all select 0,@zdf) as a ,c)
select 
    a.bj,a.grade1 as fs,rs=COUNT(case when b.[zf]<grade2 then 1 end),lj=COUNT(b.bj)
from 
    d as a
left join 
    #marks as b on b.[zf]>=grade1 and (a.bj=0 or a.bj=b.bj) 
group by a.bj,a.grade1
order by a.bj, a.grade1 desc

/*
bj    fs    rs    lj
0    600    2    2
0    590    0    2
0    580    2    4
0    570    0    4
0    560    0    4
0    550    1    5
0    0    2    7
1    600    2    2
1    590    0    2
1    580    0    2
1    570    0    2
1    560    0    2
1    550    0    2
1    0    1    3
2    600    0    0
2    590    0    0
2    580    1    1
2    570    0    1
2    560    0    1
2    550    0    1
2    0    1    2
3    600    0    0
3    590    0    0
3    580    1    1
3    570    0    1
3    560    0    1
3    550    1    2
3    0    0    2
*/

------解决方案--------------------

SQL code
create table marks(bj int,xm nvarchar(10),zf int)
insert into marks select 1,'a',602
insert into marks select 2,'b',580
insert into marks select 3,'c',588
insert into marks select 1,'d',700
insert into marks select 2,'e',312
insert into marks select 3,'f',555
insert into marks select 1,'g',400
go
declare @zgf int,@zdf int
set @zgf=600
set @zdf=550

select a.bj,a.df,SUM(case when b.zf between a.df and a.gf then 1 else 0 end)rs,COUNT(b.zf)lj from(
select a.bj,b.df,b.gf from (
select 0 as bj
union
select distinct bj from marks
)a,(
select 
(case when number>0 then (number-1)*10+@zdf else 0 end)df,
(case when (number-1)*10+@zdf>=@zgf then 10000 else number*10+@zdf-1 end)gf
from master..spt_values 
where type='p' and (number-1)*10+@zdf<=@zgf
)b)a left join marks b on b.bj=(case when a.bj=0 then b.bj else a.bj end) and b.zf>=a.df-- between a.df and a.gf
group by a.bj,a.df
order by a.bj,a.df desc
/*
bj          df          rs          lj
----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
0           600         2           2
0           590         0           2
0           580         2           4
0           570         0           4
0           560         0           4
0           550         1           5
0           0           2           7
1           600         2           2
1           590         0