CREATE TABLE Test1
(
    ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    UserName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    Age INT
)

INSERT INTO Test1
SELECT 'A',12 UNION
SELECT 'B',13 UNION
SELECT 'C',14 UNION
SELECT 'D',15

DECLARE @TableColumn TABLE(Id INT IDENTITY(1,1),ColumnName VARCHAR(100))
DECLARE @TotalNum INT
DECLARE @Line INT
DECLARE @Count Int
DECLARE @Sqls NVARCHAR(4000)
DECLARE @ColumnName VARCHAR(100)

SET @Line = 1

INSERT INTO @TableColumn 
SELECT name
FROM SYS.columns
WHERE OBJECT_NAME(OBJECT_ID) = 'Test1'

SELECT @TotalNum = MAX(ID)
FROM @TableColumn

WHILE @Line <= @TotalNum
BEGIN

    SELECT @ColumnName = ColumnName
    FROM @TableColumn
    WHERE Id = @Line
     
    set @Sqls='select @a=count(1) from Test1 WHERE ' + @ColumnName + '= ''15'''
    exec sp_executesql @Sqls,N'@a int output',@Count output 
    
    IF @Count > 0
    BEGIN
        SELECT '数值所在列为:' + @ColumnName
    END

    SET @Line = @Line + 1
END

------解决方案--------------------
把 3楼的 改一下就可以。这里引用一下3楼的。
用like
SQL code

CREATE TABLE Test1
(
    ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    UserName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    Age INT
)

INSERT INTO Test1
SELECT 'A',12 UNION
SELECT 'B',13 UNION
SELECT 'C',14 UNION
SELECT 'D',15

DECLARE @TableColumn TABLE(Id INT IDENTITY(1,1),ColumnName VARCHAR(100))
DECLARE @TotalNum INT
DECLARE @Line INT
DECLARE @Count Int
DECLARE @Sqls NVARCHAR(4000)
DECLARE @ColumnName VARCHAR(100)

SET @Line = 1

INSERT INTO @TableColumn 
SELECT name
FROM SYS.columns
WHERE OBJECT_NAME(OBJECT_ID) = 'Test1'

SELECT @TotalNum = MAX(ID)
FROM @TableColumn

WHILE @Line <= @TotalNum
BEGIN

    SELECT @ColumnName = ColumnName
    FROM @TableColumn
    WHERE Id = @Line
     
    set @Sqls='select @a=count(1) from Test1 WHERE ' + @ColumnName + ' like ''15%'''    exec sp_executesql @Sqls,N'@a int output',@Count output 
    
    IF @Count > 0
    BEGIN
        SELECT '数值所在列为:' + @ColumnName
    END

    SET @Line = @Line + 1
END